Most of the 6 tools mentioned here are of secondary order: resulting effects of. Ripples on the surface of a directional undertow. All are defined by the space (contextual)-time-continuum.

It's why the whole concept of "circular" is so badly misguided. Hence why Michael Baumgart, co-inventor of the C2C guideline, writes in his book Upcycle: “Even now people are using the term “circular economy” with Cradle to Cradle as its basis. […] but Cradle to Cradle is not a circle — not simply close loops — it’s a spiral that celebrates growth because of the employment of renewable energy.”

If you understand the extent of this simple sentence you will understand why there is no such thing as a "circular" aluminum soda can and never will be. That is why most of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation's work, and many likewise organisations, can simply be filled under corporate greenwashing.

So perhaps the title and aim of the article should rather be Critical Systems Thinking :)